Diode for variable-resistance material memories, processes of forming same, and methods of using same

ABSTRACT

A variable-resistance material memory (VRMM) device includes a container conductor disposed over an epitaxial semiconductive prominence that is coupled to a VRMM. A VRMM device may also include a conductive plug in a recess that is coupled to a VRMM. A VRMM array may also include a conductive plug in a surrounding recess that is coupled to a VRMM. Apparatuses include the VRMM with one of the diode constructions.

PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.12/014,939, filed Jan. 16, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,212,281 which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to variable-resistance materialrandom-access memories.

BACKGROUND

Variable-resistance material memory structures often rely upon isolationof individual memory cells. The memory cells may be connected to a bitline in a parallel manner, and four metal layers, including the wordline, bit line, top-electrode selection line, and the global data busare used to program and read the data. The isolation of the individualmemory cells creates tension for the designer to continue to miniaturizecircuitry.

What are needed are methods to form better structures that can addressthese challenges. What are also needed are improved variable-resistancematerial random-access memory structures that can also address thesechallenges.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The previously mentioned issues are addressed by the present disclosureand will be understood by reading and studying the followingspecification, of which the figures are a part.

FIG. 1 a shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of asemiconductor device during fabrication according to an embodiment;

FIG. 1 b shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 a during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 1 c shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 b during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 1 d shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 c during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 1 e shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 d during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 1 f shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 e during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 1 g shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 f during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 1 h shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 g during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 1 j is a cut-away perspective view of the semiconductor devicedepicted in FIGS. 1 a through 1 h after further processing according toan embodiment;

FIG. 2 a shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of asemiconductor device during fabrication according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 b shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 2 a during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 c shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 2 b during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 d shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 2 c during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 e shows two cross-section elevations and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 2 d during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 f shows a cross-section elevation and plan of the semiconductordevice depicted in FIG. 2 e during further fabrication according to anembodiment;

FIG. 2 g is a cut-away perspective view of the semiconductor devicedepicted in FIGS. 2 a through 2 f after further processing according toan embodiment;

FIG. 3 a shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of asemiconductor device during fabrication according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 b is a cross-section elevation of the semiconductor devicedepicted in FIG. 3 a according to a method embodiment;

FIG. 3 c is a cross-section elevation of the semiconductor devicedepicted in FIG. 3 b according to a method embodiment;

FIG. 3 d shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 c during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 e shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 d during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 f shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 e during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 g shows two cross-section elevations and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 f during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 h shows a cross-section elevation and plan of the semiconductordevice depicted in FIG. 3 g during further fabrication according to anembodiment;

FIG. 3 j is a cut-away perspective view of the semiconductor devicedepicted in FIGS. 3 a through 3 h after further processing according toan embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram for fabricating a 3-dimensionalepitaxial Schottky diode device for a variable-resistance materialmemory according to an embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram for fabricating a 3-dimensional recessSchottky diode device for a variable-resistance material memoryaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram for fabricating a 3-dimensionalsurrounding-recess Schottky diode device for a variable-resistancematerial memory according to an embodiment;

FIG. 7 illustrates an electronic device that includes VRMM embodiments;

FIG. 8 shows one specific example of a computer system including VRMMembodiments formed; and

FIG. 9 illustrates a functional block diagram of a memory device thatcan incorporate the variable-resistance material memory arrayembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments of a device, an apparatus, or an article describedherein can be manufactured, used, or shipped in a number of positionsand orientations. A variable-resistance material memory (VRMM) devicemay include a material such as an alloy. A VRMM device may include amaterial such as a quasi-metal composition. A VRMM device may include amaterial such as metal oxides. A VRMM device may include a material suchas chalcogenides. These several materials can be very diverse in qualityand performance.

FIG. 1 a shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of asemiconductor device 100 during fabrication according to an embodiment.The semiconductor device 100 may be used in a memory device.

A substrate 110 such as a p-doped semiconductive material substrate hasbeen formed such as a p-doped semiconductive material. Upon thesubstrate 110 an exposed semiconductive first film 112 is formed andpatterned, and a shallow trench isolation (STI) 114 is filled betweenspaced-apart sections of the exposed semiconductive first film 112. Inan embodiment the STI 114 is deposited and polished back such as with achemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process.

FIG. 1 bshows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 a during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 101 has beenoverlaid with a silicon nitride film 116 and further overlaid with adielectric first film 118 such as an oxide film formed by thedecomposition of tetraethyl ortho silicate (TEOS). In an embodiment, anoxide film 113 may be located below the silicon nitride film 116 thatmay relieve stresses that can develop in the semiconductive first film112.

FIG. 1 c shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 b during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 102 has beenfurther processed by patterning the silicon nitride film 116 and thedielectric first film 118 (FIG. 1 b) to form a patterned silicon nitridefilm 117 and patterned dielectric film 119. Consequently, a recess 120has been formed through the patterned silicon nitride film 117 andpatterned dielectric film 119, and the exposed semiconductive first film112 is exposed through the recess 120. The recess 120 is characterizedby first and second walls and a floor.

FIG. 1 d shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 c during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 103 has beenfurther processed by forming an epitaxial semiconductive second film 122upon the exposed semiconductive first film 112. In an embodiment, theepitaxial semiconductive second film 122 is formed by selectiveepitaxial growth (SEG) and may also be referred to as an epitaxialprominence 122. Thereafter, a CMP process may be used to secure theepitaxial semiconductive second film 122 at a flush relationship withthe patterned dielectric film 119.

FIG. 1 e shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 d during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 104 has beenfurther processed by etching back a portion of the epitaxialsemiconductive second film 122 and by filling a conductive first film124 into the recess that may result from the etchback.

FIG. 1 f shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 e during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 105 has beenfurther processed by etching back the patterned dielectric film 119 suchthat the patterned silicon nitride film 117 is exposed. In anembodiment, removal of the patterned dielectric film 119 is done by awet isotropic etch that is selective to leaving the semiconductivematerial of the epitaxial prominence 122.

FIG. 1 g shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 f during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 106 has beenfurther processed by forming a conductive second film 126 over theepitaxial semiconductive second film 122, the patterned silicon nitridefilm 117, and the conductive first film 124. FIG. 1 g shows the resultof a spacer etch that has removed significantly all conductive materialthat is exposed from the z-direction. Consequently a Schottky diodemetal film 124, 126 remains after the spacer etch, and the epitaxialprominence 122 remains as the etch is timed to remove significantportions of the metal that was exposed from the z-direction of theconductive second film 126. As a result, a container conductor 124, 126is another description of the Schottky diode metal film 124, 126. Theconductive first film 124 may be referred to as a lid 124 and theconductive second film 126 may be referred to as a cylinder 126 when theepitaxial prominence 122 is patterned as a solid cylinder. Consequently,the Schottky diode metal film 124, 126 may be referred to as a lid 124and a cylinder 126.

In an embodiment, the conductive first film 124 may be a non-metal suchas a semiconductive material, as well as the third film 126.Consequently, the metal film 124, 126 is part of a diode without metal.As a result, a container conductor 124, 126 is another description of adiode third film 124, 126 that forms a diode with the epitaxialsemiconductive second film 122.

FIG. 1 h shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 1 g during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 107 has beenfurther processed by forming a dielectric second film 128 over theSchottky diode metal third film 124, 126. The dielectric second film 128has also been patterned, and an electrode 130 has been filled into tothe patterned area in contact with the Schottky diode metal third film124, 126.

FIG. 1 j is a cut-away perspective view of the semiconductor devicedepicted in FIGS. 1 a through 1 h after further processing according toan embodiment. The substrate 110 supports the exposed semiconductivefirst film 112, the STI 114, and the patterned silicon nitride film 117.The epitaxial semiconductive second film 122 is disposed upon theexposed semiconductive first film 112, and the conductive first film 124and the conductive second film 126 form the conductive third film 112,124 over the epitaxial prominence 122.

In an embodiment, the conductive first film 124 may be a non-metal suchas a semiconductive material, as well as the third film 126.Consequently, the third film 124, 126 would be merely part of a diode.

The electrode 130 makes contact with a VRMM cell 132 such as aphase-change chalogenide cell. A top electrode 134 contacts the VRMMcell 132, and a bit line contact 136 contacts both a bit line 138 andthe top electrode 134. In an embodiment, the top electrode 134 iscomposed of titanium nitride. FIG. 1 j also illustrates a word linestrap 140 that is coupled to the VRMM cell 132 through a word linecontact 142.

According to an embodiment, the device 108 may be referred to as a3-dimensional epitaxial diode device, or in the case where the thirdfilm 124, 126 is a metal, a 3-dimensional epitaxial Schottky diodedevice. In a 90 nanometer process for forming a VRMM cell 132, if theheight of the epitaxial prominence 122 is about 270 nm, current drivemay be about 12 times that of a planar Schottky diode of a similarfootprint. It can be seen that beside cell isolation, more current maybe available for the same footprint of a given VRMM cell.

FIG. 2 a shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of asemiconductor device 200 during fabrication according to an embodiment.The semiconductor device 200 may be used in a memory device.

A substrate 210 has been formed such as a p-doped semiconductivematerial. Upon the substrate a semiconductive first film 211 is formed,and a silicon nitride film 215 is formed above the semiconductive firstfilm 211.

FIG. 2 b shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 2 a during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 201 has beenprocessed such that the semiconductive first film 211 and the siliconnitride film 215 (FIG. 2 a) are a first-patterned semiconductive film212 and a first-patterned silicon nitride film 216, respectively.Further, a STI 214 is filled between spaced-apart sections of thefirst-patterned semiconductive film 212. In an embodiment, the STI 214is deposited and polished back such as with a CMP process. In anembodiment, the first-patterned semiconductive film 212 is referred toas an island (viewed in cross-section; otherwise as a strip). Asdepicted, the island 212 has a first height.

FIG. 2 c shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 2 b during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 202 has beenprocessed such that the first-patterned semiconductive film 212, thefirst-patterned silicon nitride film 216, and the STI 214 are furtheroverlaid with a mask 268 that is used to create a cross-pattern that isorthogonal (running in the X-direction) to the structure of thefirst-patterned semiconductive film 212 (running in the Y-direction).

FIG. 2 d shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 2 c during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 203 has beenfurther processed by etching through the mask 268 (FIG. 2 c) to form asecond-patterned semiconductive film 213 as well as a second-patternedsilicon nitride film 217. Consequently, a recess 220 has been formedthrough the second-patterned silicon nitride film 217. Thesecond-patterned semiconductive film 213 is exposed through the recess220. In an embodiment, the second-patterned semiconductive film 213 isreferred to as an island that has an island second height that is lessthan the island first height.

FIG. 2 e shows two cross-section elevations and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 2 d during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 204 has beenfurther processed by filling a diode plug 224 into the recess 220 (FIG.2 d). In the X-Z view, the diode plug 224 contacts the second-patternedsemiconductive film 213 from the positive Z-direction. In the Z-Y, viewthe diode plug 224 contacts the first-patterned semiconductive film 212from Y-direction and also contacts the second-patterned semiconductivefilm 213. The diode plug 224 seats upon the floor that is the islandsecond height at 213. From the plan view, the diode plug 224 appearsinterspersed among the second-patterned silicon nitride film 217.

FIG. 2 f shows a cross-section elevation and plan of the semiconductordevice depicted in FIG. 2 e during further fabrication according to anembodiment. The semiconductor device 205 has been further processed byforming a dielectric second film 228 over the diode plug 224, followedby a patterning thereof, and the formation of an electrode 230 that hasbeen filled into to the patterned area and in contact with the diodeplug 224.

FIG. 2 g is a cut-away perspective view of the semiconductor devicedepicted in FIGS. 2 a through 2 f after further processing according toan embodiment. According to an embodiment, the device 206 may bereferred to as a 3-dimensional recess diode device, or in the case wherethe diode plug 224 is a metal, a 3-dimensional recess Schottky diodedevice. In a 90 nanometer process for forming a VRMM cell 232, if theheight of the diode plug 224 is about 270 nm, current drive may be about7 times that of a planar Schottky diode of a similar footprint.

The substrate 210 supports the first-patterned semiconductive film 212,the second-patterned semiconductive film 213, the STI 214, and thesecond-patterned silicon nitride film 217. The diode plug 224, when itis a metal, makes a Schottky-type diode with each of the first-patternedsemiconductive film 212 and the second-patterned semiconductive film213. In an embodiment, the diode plug 224 may be a non-metal such as asemiconductive material. Consequently, the diode plug 224 and thesecond-patterned semiconductive film 213 and the first-patternedsemiconductive film 212 form merely part of a diode.

The electrode 230 makes contact with the VRMM cell 232 such as aphase-change chalogenide cell. A top electrode 234 contacts the VRMMcell 232, and a bit line contact 236 contacts both a bit line 238 andthe top electrode 234. In an embodiment, the top electrode 234 iscomposed of titanium nitride. FIG. 2 g also illustrates a word linestrap 240 that is coupled to the VRMM cell 232 through a word linecontact 242.

According to an embodiment, the device 206 may be referred to as a3-dimensional recess diode device, or in the case where the diode plug224 is a metal, a 3-dimensional recess Schottky diode device. In a 90nanometer process for forming a VRMM cell, if the height of the diodeplug 224 is about 270 nm, current drive may be about 7 times that of aplanar Schottky diode of a similar footprint.

FIG. 3 a shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of asemiconductor device 300 during fabrication according to an embodiment.The semiconductor device 300 may be used in a memory device.

A substrate 310 has been formed such as a p-doped semiconductivematerial. Upon the substrate 310 a semiconductive film 311 is formed anda silicon nitride film 315 is formed above the semiconductive film 311.

FIG. 3 b shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 a during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 301 has beenprocessed such that the silicon nitride film 315 (FIG. 3 a) is afirst-patterned silicon nitride film 316.

FIG. 3 c shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 b during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 302 has beenprocessed such that a spacer 356 has been formed on lateral exposures ofthe first-patterned silicon nitride film 316, and the spacer 356 is alsoresting upon the vertical exposure of the semiconductive film 311. In anembodiment, the spacer 356 is an oxide spacer.

FIG. 3 d shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 c during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 303 has beenprocessed such that the semiconductive film 311 (FIG. 3 c) has beenpatterned to be a first-patterned semiconductive film 312, and an STI314 has been filled into a first recess 320 that was formed duringformation of the first-patterned semiconductive film 312. In anembodiment, the first-patterned semiconductive film 312 is referred toas an island. The STI 314 exhibits an STI facet 360 by virtue of thespacer 356 during the fill of the STI 314 into the recess 320.

FIG. 3 e shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 d during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 304 has beenoverlaid with a mask 358 that is used to create a cross-pattern that isorthogonal (running in the X-direction) to the structure of thefirst-patterned semiconductive film 312 (running in the Y-direction).

FIG. 3 f shows a cross-section elevation and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 e during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 305 has beenfurther processed by etching through the mask 358 (FIG. 3 e) to form asecond-patterned semiconductive film 313 with a second recess 321.Further, the etching by virtue of the spacer 356 has left thesecond-patterned semiconductive film 313 as well as a second-patternedsilicon nitride film 317. Consequently, the second recess 321 has beenformed through the second-patterned silicon nitride film 317. Thesecond-patterned semiconductive film 313 is exposed through the secondrecess 321.

FIG. 3 g shows two cross-section elevations and a top plan of thesemiconductor device depicted in FIG. 3 f during further fabricationaccording to an embodiment. The semiconductor device 306 has beenfurther processed by filling a diode plug 324 into the second recess 321(FIG. 3 f). In the X-Z elevation, the diode plug 324 contacts thesecond-patterned semiconductive film 313 at three surfaces includingfirst- and second walls that have lateral-exposure surfaces, and also afloor that is a vertical-exposure surface. In the Y-Z elevation, thediode plug 324 contacts the second-patterned semiconductive film 313,also at three surfaces including two lateral-exposure surfaces and alsoa vertical-exposure surface from the positive Z-direction. From the planview, the diode plug 324 appears interspersed among the second-patternedsilicon nitride film 317.

FIG. 3 h shows a cross-section elevation and plan of the semiconductordevice depicted in FIG. 3 g during further fabrication according to anembodiment. The semiconductor device 307 has been further processed byforming a dielectric second film 328 over the diode plug 324, followedby a patterning thereof, and the formation of an electrode 330 that hasbeen filled into the patterned area and is in contact with the diodeplug 324.

FIG. 3 j is a cut-away perspective view of the semiconductor devicedepicted in FIGS. 3 a through 3 h after further processing according toan embodiment. According to an embodiment, the device 308 may bereferred to as a 3-dimensional surrounding-recess diode device, or inthe case where the diode plug 324 is a metal, a 3-dimensionalsurrounding-recess Schottky diode device. In a 90 nanometer process forforming a VRMM cell 332, if the height of the diode plug 324 is about270 nm, current drive may be about 13 times that of a planar Schottkydiode of a similar footprint.

The substrate 310 supports the second-patterned semiconductive film 313,the STI 314, and the second-patterned silicon nitride film 317. Thediode plug 324, when it is a metal, makes a Schottky-type diode witheach contacted surface of the second-patterned semiconductive film 313.In an embodiment, the diode plug 324 may be a non-metal such as asemiconductive material. Consequently, the diode plug 324 and thesecond-patterned semiconductive film 313 form merely part of a diode.

The electrode 330 makes contact with the VRMM cell 332 such as aphase-change chalogenide cell. A top electrode 334 contacts the VRMMcell 332, and a bit line contact 336 contacts both a bit line 338 andthe top electrode 334. In an embodiment, the top electrode 334 iscomposed of titanium nitride.

FIG. 3 j also illustrates a word line strap 340 that is coupled to theVRMM cell 332 through a word line contact 342.

Several variable-resistance memory materials may be used for the severalVRMM cells. In an embodiment, the variable-resistance memory materialthat may be used as a PCRAM cell is a gallium (Ga) containing material.Selected gallium-containing materials that may be used include GaSb,Ga—Ge—Sb, Ga—Se—Te, and others. In some gallium-containing phase-changematerial embodiments, the gallium is present in a majority amount(greater than or equal to 50 percent). In some gallium-containingphase-change material embodiments, the gallium is present in a pluralityamount (gallium being the most prevalent element). In some embodiments,the first-listed element is present in either a majority or pluralityamount, and the subsequent-listed elements are listed by order ofdecreasing amounts on an elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is a germanium (Ge) containing material. Selectedgermanium-containing materials that may be used include Ge—Te, Ge—Sb—Te,Ge—Te—As, Ge—Se—Ga, Ge—In—Sb, Ge—Te—Sb—S, Ge—Te—SnO, Ge—Te—Sn_Au,Ge—Pd—Te—Sn, Ge—Sb—Te—Pd, Ge—Sb—Te—Co, Ge—Sb—Se—Te, Ge—Sn—Te,Ge—Te—Sn—Ni, Ge—Te—Sn—Pd, Ge—Te—Sn—Pt, and others. In somegermanium-containing phase-change material embodiments, the germanium ispresent in a majority amount (greater than or equal to 50 percent). Insome germanium-containing phase-change material embodiments, thegermanium is present in a plurality amount (germanium being the mostprevalent element). In some embodiments, the first-listed element ispresent in either a majority or plurality amount, and thesubsequent-listed elements are listed by order of decreasing amounts onan elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is an indium (In) containing material. Selectedindium-containing materials that may be used include In—Se, In—Sb,In—Sb—Te, In—Sb—Ge, In—Se—Ti—Co, In—Ag—Sb—Te, and others. In someindium-containing phase-change material embodiments, the indium ispresent in a majority amount (greater than or equal to 50 percent). Insome indium-containing phase-change material embodiments, the indium ispresent in a plurality amount (indium being the most prevalent element).In some embodiments, the first-listed element is present in either amajority or plurality amount, and the subsequent-listed elements arelisted by order of decreasing amounts on an elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is an antimony (Sb) containing material. Selectedantimony-containing materials that may be used include Sb₂Te₃, Sb—Ga,Sb—Bi—Se, Sb—Sn—Te, Sb—In—Ge, Sb—Te—Ge—S, Sb—Ge—Te—Pd, Sb—Ge—Te—Co,Sb—Te—Bi—Se, Sb—Ag—In—Te, Sb—Ge, Sb—Ge—Se—Te, Sb—Ge—Sn—Te, and others.In some antimony-containing phase-change material embodiments, theantimony is present in a majority amount (greater than or equal to 50percent). In some antimony-containing phase-change material embodiments,the antimony is present in a plurality amount (antimony being the mostprevalent element). In some embodiments, the first-listed element ispresent in either a majority or plurality amount, and thesubsequent-listed elements are listed by order of decreasing amounts onan elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is a tellurium (Te) containing material. Selectedtellurium-containing materials that may be used include Te—Ge, Te—Sb,Te—As, Te—Al, Te—Ge—Sb, Te—Ge—As, Te—In—Sb, Te—Sn—Se, Te—Ga-Se,Te—Sn—Sb, Te—Ge—Sb—S, Te—Ge—Sn—O, Te—Ge—Sn—Au, Te—Pd—Ge—Sn, Te—Ge—Sb—Pd,Te—Ge—Sb—Co, Te—Sb—Bi—Se, Te—Ag—In—Sb, Te—Ge—Ab—Se, Te—Ge—Sn—Sb,Te—Ge—Sn—Ni, Te—Ge—Sn—Pd, Te—Ge—Pd—Pt, and others. In sometellurium-containing phase-change material embodiments, the tellurium ispresent in a majority amount (greater than or equal to 50 percent). Insome tellurium-containing phase-change material embodiments, thetellurium is present in a plurality amount (tellurium being the mostprevalent element). In some embodiments, the first-listed element ispresent in either a majority or plurality amount, and thesubsequent-listed elements are listed by order of decreasing amounts onan elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is a selenium (Se) containing material. Selectedselenium-containing materials that may be used include Se—In, Se—Te—Sn,Se—Ge—Ga, Se—Bi—Sb, Se—Ga—Te, Se—In—Ti—Co, Se—Sb—Te—Bi, Se—Ge—Sb—Te, andothers. In some selenium-containing phase-change material embodiments,the selenium is present in a majority amount (greater than or equal to50 percent). In some selenium-containing phase-change materialembodiments, the selenium is present in a plurality amount (seleniumbeing the most prevalent element). In some embodiments, the first-listedelement is present in either a majority or plurality amount, and thesubsequent-listed elements are listed by order of decreasing amounts onan elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is an arsenic (As) containing material. Selectedarsenic-containing materials that may be used include As—Te, As—Te—Ge,and others. In some arsenic-containing phase-change materialembodiments, the arsenic is present in a majority amount (greater thanor equal to 50 percent). In some arsenic-containing phase-changematerial embodiments, the arsenic is present in a plurality amount(arsenic being the most prevalent element). In some embodiments, thefirst-listed element is present in either a majority or pluralityamount, and the subsequent-listed elements are listed by order ofdecreasing amounts on an elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is an aluminum (Al) containing material. Selectedaluminum-containing materials that may be used include Al—Te, Al—Se, andothers. In some aluminum-containing phase-change material embodiments,the arsenic is aluminum in a majority amount.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is a tin (Sn) containing material. Selected tin-containingmaterials that may be used include Sn—Te—Se, Sn—Sb—Te, Sn—Te—Ge—O,Sn—Pd—Te—Ge, Sn—Ge—Sb—Te, Sn—Ge—Sb—Te, Sn—Ge—Te—Ni, Sn—Ge—Te—Pd,Sn—Ge—Te—Pt, and others. In some tin-containing phase-change materialembodiments, the tin is present in a majority amount (greater than orequal to 50 percent). In some tin-containing phase-change materialembodiments, the tin is present in a plurality amount (tin being themost prevalent element). In some embodiments, the first-listed elementis present in either a majority or plurality amount, and thesubsequent-listed elements are listed by order of decreasing amounts onan elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is a palladium (Pd) containing material. Selectedpalladium-containing materials that may be used include Pd—Te—Ge—Sn,Pd—Ge—Sb—Te, and others. In some palladium-containing phase-changematerial embodiments, the palladium is present in a majority amount(greater than or equal to 50 percent). In some palladium-containingphase-change material embodiments, the palladium is present in aplurality amount (palladium being the most prevalent element). In someembodiments, the first-listed element is present in either a majority orplurality amount, and the subsequent-listed elements are listed by orderof decreasing amounts on an elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material that may be used as aPCRAM cell is a silver (Ag) containing material. Selectedsilver-containing materials that may be used include Ag—In—Sb—Te andothers. In some silver-containing phase-change material embodiments, thesilver is present in a majority amount (greater than or equal to 50percent). In some silver-containing phase-change material embodiments,the silver is present in a plurality amount (silver being the mostprevalent element). In some embodiments, the first-listed element ispresent in either a majority or plurality amount, and thesubsequent-listed elements are listed by order of decreasing amounts onan elemental scale.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material may include one ofvarious materials used to form so-called “colossal magnetoresistivefilms” such as, for example, Pr_((1-x))Ca_(x)MnO₃ (PCMO),La_((1-x))Ca_(x)MnO₃ (LCMO), and Ba_((1-x))Sr_(x)TiO₃.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material may include a binaryor ternary doped or undoped oxide material such as, for example, Al₂O₃,BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, Nb₂O₅, SrZrO₃, TiO₂, Ta₂O₅, NiO, ZrO_(x), HfO_(x), andCu₂O.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material may have a Perovskitestructure.

In an embodiment, the variable-resistance material includes a dopedchalcogenide glass of the general formula A_(x)B_(y), where B isselected from sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te), andmixtures thereof, and where A includes at least one element from GroupIII-A (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl), Group IV-A (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), Group V-A (N,P, As, Sb, Bi), or Group VII-A (F, Cl, Br, I, At) with one or moredopants selected from noble metal and transition metal elements such as,for example, Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, Cd, In, Ru, Co, Cr, Ni, Mn, and Mo.

FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram 400 for fabricating a 3-dimensionalepitaxial Schottky diode device for a variable-resistance materialmemory according to an embodiment.

At 410, the process includes forming a nitride film over asemiconductive film.

At 420, the process includes forming a dielectric first film over thenitride film.

At 430, the process includes patterning and etching through the nitridefilm and the dielectric first film to expose the semiconductive film.

At 440, the process includes forming an epitaxial prominence on thesemiconductive film.

At 450, the process includes forming a container over the expitaxialprominence.

At 452, the process may include forming a lid above and on the epitaxialprominence. The lid may act as a hard mask for removing the dielectricfirst film, down to the nitride film.

At 454, the process includes forming a conductive spacer on theepitaxial prominence. The conductive spacer may be spacer etched suchthat the lid and the conductive spacer amount to the containerconductor. In an embodiment the process may commence at 440 andterminate at 454.

At 460, the process includes forming an electrode on the conductivespacer, and coupling the electrode to a VRMM cell such as a chalcogenidematerial cell.

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram 500 for fabricating a 3-dimensionalrecess Schottky diode device for a variable-resistance material memoryaccording to an embodiment.

At 510, the process includes forming a nitride film over asemiconductive film.

At 520, the process includes forming an island in the semiconductivefilm to expose a semiconductive substrate.

At 530, the process includes reducing the island from a first height toa second height that is less than the first height.

At 540, the process includes forming a diode plug on the second heightand also to contact the first and second wall that remain at the firstheight.

At 550, the process includes forming a contact on the diode plug.

At 560, the process includes coupling the contact to a VRMM cell such asa chalcogenide cell.

FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram 600 for fabricating a 3-dimensionalrecess Schottky diode device for a variable-resistance material memoryaccording to an embodiment.

At 610, the process includes forming a spacer on a nitride mask that isover a semiconductive film.

At 620, the process includes using the spacer and mask to form an islandin the semiconductive film to expose a semiconductive substrate.

At 630, the process includes cross-patterning the island to form asecond recess in the semiconductive film. The second recess ischaracterized by first, second, third, and fourth walls and a floor thatare part of the semiconductive film.

At 640, the process includes forming a diode plug on the second heightand also to contact the first and second wall and the floor in thesemiconductive film.

At 650, the process includes forming a contact on the diode plug.

At 660, the process includes coupling the contact to a VRMM cell such asa chalcogenide cell.

FIG. 7 illustrates an electronic device 700 that includes VRMMembodiments as described above. The electronic device 700 includes afirst component 720 that benefits from VRMM embodiments. Examples offirst component 720 include VRMM arrays. In an embodiment, the firstcomponent 720 is a processor that includes VRMM diode devices used forbooting up the processor. In these examples, device operation isimproved with the presence of VRMM embodiments.

In an embodiment, the device 700 further includes a power source 730.The power source 730 is electrically connected to the first devicecomponent 720 using interconnecting circuitry 740. In an embodiment, theinterconnecting circuitry 740 includes VRMM embodiments using processingmethods described above. In addition to depositing material as describedabove, techniques such as lithography with masks and/or etching etc. canbe used to pattern conducting circuitry.

In an embodiment, the device 700 further includes a second devicecomponent 710. The second device component 710 is electrically connectedto the first component 720 using interconnecting circuitry 742.Likewise, in one embodiment, the interconnecting circuitry 742 includesVRMM embodiments that are formed using methods described above. Examplesof second device components 710 include signal amplifiers, flash memory,logic circuitry, or other microprocessing circuits, etc. Aside frominterconnecting circuitry, in an embodiment, the first device component720 and/or the second device component 710 includes VRMM embodimentsusing methods described above.

FIG. 8 shows one specific example of a computer system including VRMMembodiments formed as described above. The computer system 800 containsa processor 810 and a memory system 812 housed in a computer unit 815.The computer system 800 is but one example of an electronic systemcontaining another electronic system. In an embodiment, the computersystem 800 contains an I/O circuitry 820 coupled to the processor 810and the memory system 812. In an embodiment, the computer system 800contains user interface components coupled to the I/O circuitry 820. Inan embodiment, a VRMM embodiment is coupled to one of a plurality of I/Opads or pins 830 of the I/O circuitry 820. The I/O circuitry 820 canthen be coupled to at least one of a monitor 840, a printer 850, a bulkstorage device 860, a keyboard 870, and a pointing device 880. It willbe appreciated that other components are often associated with thecomputer system 800 such as modems, device driver cards, additionalstorage devices, etc. It will further be appreciated that the processor810, the memory system 812, the I/O circuitry 820, and partiallyisolated structures or data storage devices of computer system 800 canbe incorporated on a single integrated circuit. Such single packageprocessing units may reduce the communication time between the processor810 and the memory system 800.

FIG. 9 illustrates a functional block diagram of a memory device 900that can incorporate the variable-resistance material memory arrayembodiments. The memory device 900 is coupled to a processor 910. Theprocessor 910 may be a microprocessor or some other type of controllingcircuitry. The memory device 900 and the processor 910 form part of anelectronic system 920. The memory device 900 has been simplified tofocus on features of the memory that are helpful in understanding theseveral embodiments.

The memory device 900 includes a VRMM array 930 that can be comprised ofthe several VRMM cells as described previously. The VRMM array 930 isarranged in banks of rows and columns. The control gates of each row ofVRMM cells is coupled with a word line while the drain and sourceconnections of the VRMM cells are coupled to bit lines.

An address buffer circuit 940 is provided to latch address signalsprovided on address input connections A0-Ax 942. Address signals arereceived and decoded by a row decoder 944 and a column decoder 946 toaccess the VRMM array 930. It will be appreciated by those skilled inthe art, with the benefit of the present description, that the number ofaddress input connections A0-Ax 942 depends on the density andarchitecture of the VRMM array 930. That is, the number of addressesincreases with both increased VRMM cell counts and increased bank andblock counts.

The memory device 900 reads data in the VRMM array 930 by sensingvoltage or current changes in the VRMM array 930 columns usingsense/buffer circuitry 950. The sense/buffer circuitry 950, in oneembodiment, is coupled to read and latch a row of data from the VRMMarray 930. Data input and output buffer circuitry 960 is included forbi-directional data communication over a plurality of data connections962 with the processor 910. Write circuitry 955 is provided to writedata to the VRMM array 930.

Control circuitry 970 decodes signals provided on control connections972 from the processor 910. These signals are used to control theoperations on the VRMM array 930, including data read, data write(program), and erase operations. The control circuitry 970 may be astate machine, a sequencer, or some other type of controller.

The VRMM array 930 illustrated in FIG. 9 has been simplified tofacilitate a basic understanding of the features of the memory device900.

This Detailed Description refers to the accompanying drawings that show,by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the presentdisclosure may be practiced. These embodiments are described insufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice thedisclosed embodiments. Other embodiments may be used, and structural,logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from thescope of the present disclosure. The various embodiments are notnecessarily mutually exclusive, as some embodiments can be combined withone or more other embodiments to form new embodiments.

The Detailed Description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limitingsense , and the scope of this disclosure is defined only by the appendedclaims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claimsare entitled.

The terms “wafer” and “substrate” used in the description include anystructure having an exposed surface with which to form an electronicdevice or device component such as a component of an integrated circuit(IC). The term substrate is understood to include semiconductor wafers.The term substrate is also used to refer to semiconductor structuresduring processing and may include other layers such assilicon-on-insulator (SOI), etc. that have been fabricated thereupon.Both wafer and substrate include doped and undoped semiconductors,epitaxial semiconductor layers supported by a base semiconductor orinsulator, as well as other semiconductor structures well known to oneskilled in the art.

The term conductor is understood to include semiconductors, and the terminsulator or dielectric is defined to include any material that is lesselectrically conductive than the materials referred to as conductors.

The term “horizontal” as used in this application is defined as a planeparallel to the conventional plane or surface of a wafer or substrate,regardless of the orientation of the wafer or substrate. The term“vertical” refers to a direction perpendicular to the horizontal asdefined above. Prepositions, such as “on,” “side” (as in “sidewall”),“higher,” “lower,” “over,” and “under” are defined with respect to theconventional plane or surface being on the top surface of the wafer orsubstrate, regardless of the orientation of the wafer or substrate.

The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), requiring anabstract that will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature ofthe technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that itwill not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of theclaims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, variousfeatures may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. Thismethod of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intentionthat the claimed embodiments require more features than are expresslyrecited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect,inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a singledisclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporatedinto the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as aseparate embodiment.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a diode plug disposedupon a second-patterned portion of a semiconductive film, wherein thediode plug contacts a first wall, a second wall, a third wall, and afourth wall of the semiconductive film; an electrode disposed above andon the diode plug; a shallow-trench isolation (STI) adjacent to theSchottky diode; and a variable-resistance material memory (VRMM) cellcoupled to the electrode, wherein the variable-resistance material is adoped chalcogenide glass of A_(x)B_(y), where B is one or more ofsulfur, selenium, or tellurium and A is at least one element from B, Al,Ga, In, Tl, C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, F, Cl, Br, I, or Atwith dopants of one or more of Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, Cd, In, Ru, Co, Cr, Ni,Mn, or Mo.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the diode plug alsocontacts a floor that is an island second height in the semiconductivefilm.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second wallsare a part of the second-patterned portion of the semiconductive film.4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the semiconductive film is ann-doped semiconductive material that is disposed upon a p-dopedsemiconductive substrate.
 5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the VRMMcell is part of a computer system.
 6. The apparatus of claim 3, whereinthe semiconductive film is an n-doped semiconductive material that isdisposed upon a p-doped semiconductive substrate, and wherein the diodeplug also contacts a floor in the semiconductive film.
 7. An apparatuscomprising: a diode plug disposed on a semiconductive film such that thediode plug and the semiconductive film form a Schottky diode; ashallow-trench isolation (STI) adjacent to the Schottky diode; anelectrode disposed above and on the diode plug; and avariable-resistance material memory (VRMM) cell coupled to theelectrode, wherein the variable-resistance material is a dopedchalcogenide glass of A_(x)B_(y), where B is one or more of sulfur,selenium, or tellurium and A is at least one element from B, Al, Ga, In,Tl, C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, F, Cl, Br, I, or At.
 8. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the apparatus includes a word line strapcoupled to the VRMM cell through a word line contact.
 9. The apparatusof claim 8, wherein the word line contact contacts the semiconductorfilm with the word line strap in a plane above the diode plug.
 10. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the apparatus includes a bit line coupledto the VRMM cell.
 11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein thevariable-resistance material includes one or more ofPr(_(1-x))Ca_(x)MnO₃ (PCMO), La(_(1-x))Ca_(x)MnO₃ (LCMO),Ba(_(1-x))Sr_(x)TiO₃, Al₂O₃, BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, Nb₂O₅, SrZrO₃, TiO₂, Ta₂O₅,NiO, ZrO_(x), HfO_(x), Cu₂O, or a doped chalcogenide glass.
 12. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the diode plug comprises a metal.